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Recently declassified cold-war spy satellite images have shed new light on the Roman empire’s operations by uncovering hundreds of previously undiscovered forts, according to experts. Archaeologists studying aerial photographs from the 1960s and 70s discovered 396 unknown Roman forts across the Syrian steppe in Syria and Iraq.

These findings force a reevaluation of the Roman frontier. Previously, it was believed that a line of 116 forts were built as a defensive measure against Arab and Persian invaders, as well as nomadic tribes. However, the newly discovered forts suggest that the frontier was more fluid and characterized by cross-border trade.

The forts supported a network of interregional trade, communication, and military transport via caravans. This challenges the long-held notion that the forts were part of a defensive wall. Instead, researchers now question whether it was a wall or a road.

The discovery also demonstrates that the borders of the Roman world were more inclusive and adaptable than previously assumed. While the Romans were a military society, they also prioritized trade and communication with regions outside their direct control.

The images analyzed were part of the world’s first spy-satellite program, conducted during the cold-war era. They were able to provide a high-resolution, stereo perspective on a landscape that has been significantly altered by modern development. The researchers emphasize the importance of satellite imagery in recording archaeological features before they are lost.

The study highlights the need for preservation efforts, as many of the newfound sites have already been destroyed by urban and agricultural development. With more declassified imagery, such as U2 spy plane photographs, there is potential for further archaeological discoveries in the near east and beyond.

These findings challenge previous assumptions about the Roman empire and offer a fresh perspective on its interactions with neighboring regions. The study demonstrates the value of combining historical research with modern technological advancements.

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