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The race for space continues as companies and countries stake their claims in outer space. According to researchers from the University of British Columbia (UBC), over 11,300 satellites have been launched into orbit since the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, in 1957. These satellites, often grouped in constellations, are essential for maintaining internet and GPS services worldwide.

One notable mega-constellation is SpaceX’s Starlink, which currently consists of about 4,500 satellites. However, plans are underway to launch up to a million new satellites in the near future, posing potential political, legal, and environmental challenges that have yet to be fully considered.

The UBC researchers highlight that various companies and countries have filed plans with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to launch mega-constellations even larger than Starlink. The ITU regulates the terms and conditions for government and corporate satellite launches. For instance, Rwanda filed a plan called Cinnamon-937, proposing the placement of 337,320 satellites in low Earth orbits. Initially met with skepticism, it was later revealed that an experienced satellite entrepreneur, Greg Wyler, was behind the project. Wyler’s company, E-Space, now holds rights to significant parts of the radio spectrum assigned to Cinnamon-937.

One major concern surrounding mega-constellations is space debris. Space junk, including defunct satellites, rocket bodies, and other debris, poses a significant threat. With an estimated “one million untracked pieces greater than one centimetre in diameter,” collisions between space junk could lead to a chain reaction and the proliferation of more debris, a situation referred to as the Kessler-Cour-Palais syndrome.

The situation is further complicated by the fact that countries like Russia and China have conducted anti-satellite weapon tests, adding thousands of high-speed fragments to low Earth orbit. This growing space debris poses risks to existing satellites, future launches, and the sustainability of space activities.

To address these concerns, UBC researchers Michael Byers and Aaron Boley have published a book titled “Who Owns Outer Space? International Law, Astrophysics, and the Sustainable Development of Space,” which explores the legal implications of mega-constellations and our collective responsibility for the sustainable use of outer space.

As the race for space accelerates, it is crucial to consider the ownership, governance, and environmental impact of the growing number of satellites in orbit. Collaboration and international regulations will be essential in ensuring the responsible and sustainable exploration and utilization of outer space for the benefit of all.

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